Paper Title
Pharmaceutical Patenting in the U.S.A.:Evaluating the impact of Global Competition

Abstract
The global pharmaceutical industry is a trillion dollar industry dominated by manufacturers in high income economies. However, in recent years a growing volume of pharmaceutical products have been produced in low and middle income economies. We analyze the impact that this change in production has had on the patenting output of pharmaceutical firms in the U.S.A. Traditional quality ladder models conclude that North firms would increase their innovation as production increases in both the South and other North countries, but that there would be a greater response in innovation intensity to competition from other firms in the North. We find that patenting by U.S. pharmaceutical firms does indeed increase as competition from low and middle income countries intensifies, but that it decreases as competition from other high income economies intensifies. Index Terms - Pharmaceutical, Innovation, Patents.