Paper Title
ASSESSMENT OF VARIOUS GRINDING AIDS: EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract
Cement manufacturing has been a central focus in energy efficiency research due to its intensive energy requirements and substantial contributions to greenhouse gas emissions. Notably, nearly two-thirds of the total energy demand in cement production arises from the grinding stage. Grinding aids (GAs) are commonly employed during clinker grinding to enhance energy efficiency and mitigate environmental impacts. Although their fundamental action mechanisms are relatively well understood, the practical effects of GAs in cement systems remain primarily theoretical, with limited experimental validation. The identification of highly effective GAs remains a complex task, owing to the multifaceted criteria involved in their evaluation. In industry, amine- and glycol-based GAs are most commonly applied. This study focuses on comparing these two classes of GAs—amines and glycols—regarding both grinding efficiency and environmental footprint. The comparison is grounded in measurements of electrical energy consumption and associated CO₂ emissions during grinding operations. Triethanolamine (TEA), diethylene is opropanolamine (DEIPA), and diethylene glycol (DEG) were each incorporated at a dosage of 0.075% by weight, relative to the total mass of clinker and gypsum, to attain a target Blaine fineness of 3900 ± 100 cm²/g. Four CEM I 42.5R cement types were prepared, including a control sample without GA. The evaluation criteria included the grinding duration and number of cycles required to reach the target fineness. The use of GAs led to improved grinding efficiency ranging from 11% to 14%, independent of their chemical class. Among the tested additives, DEG exhibited the highest performance, whereas DEIPA yielded the least favorable results in terms of both grinding efficiency and environmental impact. Keywords - About Four Key Words or Phrases in Alphabetical order, Separated by Commas.