Paper Title
Assessment of the Waste Collection and Transportation Facilities in Mandalay: A Focus on Aungmyetharzan Township

Abstract
Waste collection and transportation constitute a significant portion of the overall costs within the waste management system. Enhancements in this sector can greatly optimize the entire mechanism. An analysis was conducted on the layout and characteristics of waste management facilities in Mandalay City using ArcGIS and related tools to evaluate the current waste management system. This comprehensive assessment focused on the waste management facilities located in Aungmyetharzan Township, one of the six townships overseen by the Mandalay City Development Committee (MCDC). The evaluation examined the number and distribution of dustbins and transfer stations, as well as the allocation of staff and fuel for each vehicle - both tricycles and trucks. It also considered the distances traveled by these vehicles, their fuel consumption and emissions, and the volume of waste transported. Aungmyetharzan Township is notable for housing the royal palace of the last dynasty of Myanmar and serving as the origin of Mandalay’s urbanization. Within the township, dustbins are strategically placed in public areas and markets, with trucks tasked with waste collection. To address the challenges posed by the city’s unregulated urbanization, tricycles are employed for door-to-door waste collection in areas inaccessible to trucks due to narrow or poorly maintained roads. The waste collected by tricycles is transported to transfer stations. Trucks, which include compactors and vacuum vehicles, serve three key purposes: collecting waste from households, transporting waste from transfer stations, and moving waste from dustbins to landfill sites. Figure 2 shows the locations and routes of the facilities operating within the township. Currently, there are two transfer stations in operation, serving the western and eastern parts of the township, although they handle an unequal distribution of waste. The eastern part station (AZTS01) is the largest facility under the management of MCDC, serving as a key hub for waste transfer from the eastern regions of Aungmyetharzan, Maharaungmye, and Chanayetharzan townships. In Aungmyetharzan township, 59 dustbin locations have been established, featuring a total of 71 dustbins that comprise both small bins (2-ton capacity) and large bins (5-ton capacity), with the quantity at each location varying from one to four bins. For waste collection, transfer, and transportation to the landfill site, the operational fleet consists of 32 trucks and 44 tricycles. Staffing allocation includes 2-3 operators for compactors, 3-4 for vacuum trucks, and a single staff member for each tricycle. Each vehicle is allotted one day off per week. The fleet utilizes diesel fuel for vacuum trucks, premium diesel for compactors, and gasoline for tricycles. The weekly fuel consumption totals 2,975.01 liters of premium diesel and 2,730.88 liters of standard diesel for trucks, in addition to 971.99 liters of gasoline for tricycles. The tricycles transport approximately 407.4 tons of waste to transfer stations, while the trucks carry about 922.8 tons to the landfill weekly. In terms of distance covered, trucks travel a total of 9,447.42 km, while tricycles cover 5,697.86 km each week. The emissions resulting from this fuel consumption contribute to a total CO2 output of 17.63 metric tons per week, which amounts to roughly 70.51 metric tons per month. To enhance waste management efforts in Mandalay, it is crucial to invest in infrastructural development and encourage increased public participation through various initiatives. Keywords - waste management facilities; collection and transportation; fuel usage; staff allocation; emissions