Paper Title
From Zero Sum to Positive Sum: Case Studies in Positive Sum Design

Abstract
Positive Sum Design is a critique of zero-sum bias, and an approach to the design process that seeks greater aggregate value for all stakeholders by reframing constraints and creatively aligning users’ incentives and needs away from zero-sum games. This paper examines several principles of Positive Sum Design against two case studies. The first case study examines affordances for trust and communication in the ride-sharing industry. The second examines affordances for producing and consuming knowledge in the design of Wikipedia. We set these examples against a critical framework of fundamental principles of Positive Sum Design, including the Mutability of Constraints, the Multivalence of Utility, and the development of Affordances for Trust and Communication.