Paper Title
A COMPREHENSIVE TAXONOMY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOLSIN UWSNs

Abstract
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are crucial for data sensing in exploration, environmental surveillance, and disaster management. These networks face challenges due to limited energy resources and difficulties in battery replacement or recharging. This compromises the lifespan of UWSNs. Numerous research efforts have focused on addressing the efficient routing of data to surface control centers in real-time. They propose routing protocols based on energy-efficient methods such as relay nodes, clustering, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for data routing. This paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy of recent energy-efficient routing protocols for UWSNs architectures, dividing them into two primary categories: location-based and free-location. In each category a comparison between routing protocols is presented. We explore each category in detail, analyzing their advantages and limitations, with the aim of identifying scalable, energy-efficient, and cost-effective solutions for UWSNs data routing. Keywords - UWSNs, routing schemes, energyefficient routing, taxonomy, clustering.