Paper Title
Optimizing Flow Balance in Energy Distribution Networks for Reduced CO2 Emissions of Heating and Refrigeration Systems

Abstract
A well-designed air conditioning system should ensure optimal thermal comfort and indoor air quality while minimizing resource usage. Hydronic systems are commonly employed for heating and cooling in buildings. Two prevalent piping methods in closed circuits are direct and reverse piping networks. However, improper flow distribution in these networks can lead to increased energy wastage and pollution. This article delves into the examination of common closed circuit piping methods. Initially, it assesses the CO2 emissions associated with each method, followed by a detailed exploration of life cycle cost modeling for heating and cooling systems, emphasizing the impact of flow balance at consumer points. Energy-efficient air conditioning systems play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Through effective optimization of energy distribution networks, it is feasible to decrease carbon dioxide production, lower annual energy consumption, and mitigate costs stemming from excessive fuel usage. Introducing artificial pressure drops in the hydronic network through control valve installations offers a solution to the flow imbalance issue in direct networks. This technique effectively addresses the challenges posed by inefficient flow distribution, promoting energy savings and environmental sustainability in heating and cooling systems. Keywords: Hydronic Network, Flow Balance, Reduction of Energy Consumption, Reduction of CO2 Production