Paper Title
Animal Waste Phages and Phage Therapy in Poultry, Dairy, and Fish Production Industries

Abstract
Abstract - According to several metagenomics studies, the human and animal gut is the host for a great variety of bacteriophages (phages). These biological entities play a substantial role in shaping the function, structure, and size/diversity of the intestinal microbiomes. Currently, due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the residual effect of antibiotics in meat, milk, fish, and other products of food animals, an alternative method to deal with these issues have been sought. One of these therapies include the use of bacteriophages (phage therapy). Such an alternative is safe, efficient, and ecofriendly therapeutic approach which can be easily used to control the spread of multidrug resistant bacterial infections. In this regard, several bacteriophages have been isolated from animal manure as it is a niche for different bacterial pathogens. Manure phages in combination with other lytic phages have been used to treat several bacterial infections in dairy, poultry, and fish farms. Hence, the aim of this review is to provides a comprehensive overview on the bacteriophages isolated from animal waste and their lytic activity against common bacterial pathogens. Moreover, we revised the major role of phage therapy in selected animal farms. Keywords - Bacterio phages; Animal; Manure; Phage Therapy