Paper Title
Exploring the Components of Digital Citizenship among University Students in the State of Kuwait: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Abstract
Digital citizenship has played a crucial role on human resource development in every level. Therefore, the term of ‘citizenship’ should be gradually and continuously replaced with the digital citizenship. Data was collected using the questionnaires from 972 undergraduate students who were currently enrolling in the bachelor’s degree program in the public or the private universities in the State of Kuwait. The finding based on the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the major components of digital citizenship among the university students of the State of Kuwait consisted of 4 main components: (i) digital citizenship and screen time management, (ii) cyberbullying and cyber security management, (iii) digital thinking, and (iv) digital abilities. In addition, the finding based on a confirmatory factor analysis was consistent with the exploratory factor analysis. The highest standardised factor loading was ‘digital thinking’ followed by ‘digital citizenship and screen time management’, ‘cyberbullying and cyber security management’ and ‘digital abilities’, respectively. Therefore, enhancing students’ digital citizenship should highly focus on developing students’ digital thinking, followed by digital citizenship and screen time management, cyberbullying and cyber security management, and digital abilities, respectively. Keywords - Digital Citizenship, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Kuwait