Paper Title
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Male Clarias Gariepinus (African Catfish) Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Glyphosate

Abstract
This study investigated the toxicity effect of sublethal concentrations of glyphosate in Clarias gariepinus with respect to the oxidative stress biomarkers, Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, kidney and gills. Healthy mature (4 months) male Clarias gariepinus were used for the study. The fish were distributed into four groups (A–D) of five animals each. After 16 days of acclimatization the fish were exposed for 9 days to 300 mg/l, 60mg/l and 10mg/l of glyphosate. Results obtained showed that the MDA concentration of the liver, kidney and gill of exposed fish were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control group. GPx and SOD activities in the test groups were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of the control group while CAT activity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the test groups. This study showed that exposure to glyphosate may induce oxidative stress in the liver, kidney and gill of mature male Clarias gariepinus which could be evidence of toxicity. Hence such herbicides should be used with caution. Keywords - Clarias Gariepinus, Glyphosate, Oxidative Stress