Paper Title
Immunomodulatory Effect Of Moringa Oleifera And Marrubium Vulgare Leaf Aqueous Extracts In Balb/C Mice Infected With Salmonella Typhimurium

Abstract
Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate immunomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera and Marrubium vulgare leaf aqueous extracts as single and as combination in Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice. The immunomodulatory effect were evaluated as cure agent (in mice previously infected with S. typhimurium) and as protective agent (in mice infected with S. typhimurium at the end of treatment period). Methods: Fifty female BALB/c mice, aged 7-9 weeks were divided into 10 groups: control positive group (C+), normal mice (C-), protective groups (P1, P2 & P3) and cure groups (P4, P5, P6, P7 and P8). Different concentration (100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW) of each plant extract were used as single and as combination for 14 days. At the end of the treatment period, all mice were sectioned and mice splenocytes were isolated. Immunomodulatory markers were checked using flow-cytometry which include CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD62L+, CD8+CD62L+, CD8+IL17+ and CD8+IFN-γ+. Results: The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of M. oleifera produced potential immunomodulatory effects as protective and cure agent. The single treatment of M. oleifera as cure agent (P4) leading to a significant decrease in the double positive (CD4+CD8+) T cells activation and production of IL-17 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, the level of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased significantly (p<0.05) after single treatment with M. oleifera as protective agent (P1). M. oleifera and M. vulgare as cure agent also showed immunomodulatory effect in the level of double positive T cells, IL-17 and IFN-γ at low dose (P6, 100 mg/kg BW), whereas the level of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased at high dose of M. oleifera and M. vulgare. However, the immunomodulatory effects were higher during single treatment with M. oleifera. Conclusion: These results suggest that single treatment with M. oleifera extract more effectiveness than combination treatments with M. vulgare in S.typhimurium-infected mice. These findings have proven that M. oleifera and M. vulgare will be a very good material for future herbal medicine. Keywords - Immunomodulatory, Moringa Oleifera, Marrubium Vulgare L., Salmonella infection