Paper Title
Productivity, Economic Growth, Sustainability, and Livability in Metropolises: Estimates of Long-Time Commuting Effects in Sao Paulo-Brazil

Abstract
In this study, São Paulo, as one of the biggest cities in the world, was observed in order to bring fundamental insights to the debate about big cities’ problems solutions, to avoid to become more crowded, congested, and polluted, reducing livability, sustainability, productivity, and economic growth. A simple random sample of 310 workers in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo was surveyed electronically, by ‘Google-Forms e-survey’ during the August/October 2019 period. The sample proportions are the estimators of the population proportions. Considering an error margin of +/- 5.6% and with a 95% confidence level, the authors used proportion (p) sample distributions, expected values, and standard deviations, marginal and conditional probability analysis to draw some inferences about the population of workers located in São Paulo’s Metropolitan Region. We found out that about 8.1% of the workers spend 3.5 hours or more in commuting time every working day in São Paulo. Moreover, the results suggest that around 82.9% of the workers’ population of such a metropolis are likely to change job address to avoid long-distance commuting, even if they have to trade this off with lowering salaries. Moreover, around 28.4% of workers are not clearly aware about environmental impacts of commuting reduction. Keywords - Commuting, Productivity, Sustainability, Livability, Metropolis, Estimates