Paper Title
Effects of Sodıum Nitroprussıde and Gibberellin on Seed Germınation and Seedling Development from Virus Infected and Virus Free Vitis Vinifera L. Cv Ekşi Kara Seeds

Abstract
Background: Grapevine (Vitisspp.) is one of the most socioeconomically important fruit crops worldwide. Viral diseases are also common in grapevine plantations.Infected grapevines give rise to disturbances in plant growth and metabolism include seed metabolism. Enhansing the seed germination plays a critical role affecting the subsequent for increasing breeding efficiency of higher plants.Extracted grape seeds require the break of dormancy by several physical and chemical treatments before sowing. The aim of this study is to compare virus free and multiple virus (Grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV-1, 2, 3), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV)infected grapevine clones (Vitis vinifera L. cv Ekşi Kara seeds germination and seedling regeneration and growth, and the test the effects of Sodium nitroprusside (SNP as NO donor) and Gibberellic acid (as GA3) applications on this process. Results: Results showed that virus infections restricted seed germination, surviving and shoot growth.SNP and GA3 application promoted the germination rate in the virus free samples but in the infected samples the SNP and GA3 applications were little promoted the germination rates.The germination rate difference between virus free and infected samples was 11.46%, likewise that was 29.63% between the seedling regeneration rates, and that were 44.45%, 37.04%, 48.18%, 74.15% SNP 24h, SNP 48h, GA3 24h, GA3 48h, respectively. SNP and GA3 treatments were promoted shoot growth in the virus free samples, but that was decreased in the infected samples. The SPAD walues was greather in virus free samples but SNP application increased it in infected samples. Conclusions: GLRaV-1, 2, 3, GFLV, and GFkVinfections restricted seed germination, seedling regeneration and seedling growth. SNP and GA3 increased seedling development only virus free samples. As a result of the study, virus ifections are implicated in the control of seed germination, seedling regeneration and surviving of young plants. Significance of the study: Our results highlight that GLRaV-1, 2, 3, GFLV, and GFkVinfected grapevine clones cv Ekşi Kara seeds can germinate in controlled environment, but the woody shoot length was so litle (30 cm) these seedlings couldnot survining in natural environment. On the orher hand SNP and GA3 applications useful tool for seedling developlment from infected grapevines. Keywords - Grapevine, Vitis vinifera L., seed germination, surviving, Grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV-1, 2, 3), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV)