Paper Title
The Influence of Peer Tutoring on Improving Psychological Hardiness and Adaptive Behavior in Children with Hearing Loss.

Abstract
Objectives of the work: The main aim of this study was to examine the development of psychological hardness and adaptive behavior after the training program based on peer tutoring for children with hearing loss (CHL). Subjects & Methods: 10 CHL aged 12 :15 years (M= 13 years, 6 months; SD= 1.2). They had unaided pure tone averages (PTA) greater than 50 dB HL bilaterally. All participants were in mainstreamed classroom at an appropriate grade level. The tools that is used are: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale Arabic Version-2nd Edition (VABS-R II) to assess adaptive behavior in three domains: Communication, Daily Living Skills, and Socialization; Psychological hardness scale; and the training program. Results: There are significantly statistical differences between pre and post-test on Psychological hardness subscales: Commitment, control, and Challenge (t=9.24, 11, 14.7 respectively; P<0.001) for post-test. There are significantly statistical differences between pre and post-test on Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale Arabic Version-2nd Edition (VABS-R II) subscales: Communication, Daily Living Skills, and Socialization (t= 10.99, 20.93, 13.69 respectively, p<0.001) Conclusion: Peer tutoring is an effective method to teach CHL how to overcome problems and stressful situations in daily life and to develop adaptive behavior, especially if it is occurred in normal situations. Index Terms - Adaptive behavior, Hearing loss, peer tutoring, psychological hardness.